Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the drug formulation in a powder, solution or suspension, a combination of miscible liquid, or a simple liquid formulation is enclosed in a shell. Depending on the composition of the gelatin shell, the capsules can be hard or soft gelatin capsules. Hard gelatin capsules are typically used for powder or solid fills, whereas soft gelatin capsules are used for semisolid or liquid fills. Lately, hard capsules have also been used for liquid or semisolid fills.
In capsule formulation development and during filling of capsules, a number of quality control tests are performed to ensure that capsules produced meet the requirements as specified in official compendium and conventional requirements established by the industries over the years. These tests will be discussed in three stages: in-process testing, finished product testing and shelf-life testing.
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In-process quality control tests for capsule drug products are carried out at predefined intervals during the product manufacturing, by the manufacturing personnel, and their results recorded on the batch record. Adverse findings in these tests can be used as a guide to altering the manufacturing-process parameters.
During the encapsulation of soft gelatin capsules, the following parameters are usually closely monitored and controlled:
Visual inspection, fill weight, and fill-weight uniformity are the key in-process tests used for hard gelatin capsules.
Read Also: Manufacture of Hard Gelatin Capsules
Finished capsules are subjected to a number of tests in accordance with compendial standards and regulatory requirements for unit dose capsule products. These batteries of tests help identify whether the batch is acceptable for marketing or its intended usage.
Finished capsules are evaluated by the following tests:
Soft gelatin capsules are tested for physical integrity (absence of leakage) by visual inspection. Similarly, hard gelatin capsules are tested for any breach of physical integrity (breakage or opened cap and body).
All capsules are tested for drug content (potency, as a per cent of label claim). In addition, most drug products are tested for related substances or impurities. These must meet predefined specifications for a batch to be acceptable.
The uniformity of dosage units may be demonstrated by determining weight variation or content uniformity. The weight variation method is as follows.
Ten hard gelatin capsules are usually weighed individually and the contents are removed. The emptied shells are individually weighed and the net weight of the contents is calculated by subtracting the weight of the shell from the respective gross weight. The content of active ingredient in each capsule may be determined by calculation based on the per cent drug content in the formulation.
For soft gelatin capsules, the gross weight of 10 gelatin capsules is determined individually. Then each capsule is cut open with a suitable clean, dry cutting instrument (e.g., scissors or a sharp open blade), and the contents are removed by washing with a suitable solvent (that dissolves the fill but not the shell). The solvent is allowed to evaporate at room temperature over a period of about 30 minutes, followed by weighing of the individual washed shells. The net contents are calculated by subtraction and the content of active ingredient in each of the capsules can be determined by calculation based on the per cent drug content in the formulation.
Fill-weight variation of capsules is often a function of equipment setup and filling operation. An automated capsule sizing machine and/or weight checker is frequently used to discard over- or underfilled capsules.
This test is performed only when the content is specified in the individual monographs and when capsules fail weight variation test. If the weight of capsules is completely filled no need of this test.
Unless otherwise stated in the monograph for an individual capsule, the amount of drug substance, determined by assay, is within the range of 85.0 % to 115.0 % of the label claim for nine (9) of ten (10) dosage units assayed, with no unit outside the range of 75.0 % to 125.0 % of the labelled drug content. Additional tests are prescribed when two or three dosage units are outside of the desired range but within the stated extremes.
Read Also: Manufacture of soft gelatin capsules
Disintegration of hard and soft gelatin capsules is evaluated to ensure that the drug substance is fully available for dissolution and absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. The compendial disintegration test for hard and soft gelatin capsules follows the same procedure and uses the same apparatus described in the article “Quality Control Tests for Tablets”.
The capsules are placed in the basket-rack assembly, which is repeatedly lowered 30 times per minute into a thermostatically controlled bath of fluid at 37 ± 2 ˚C and observed over the time described in the individual monograph.
To fully satisfy the test, the capsules disintegrate completely into a soft mass with no firm core and only some fragments of the capsule shell.
Drug absorption and physiological availability depend on the drug substance being in the dissolved state at the site of drug absorption. The rate and extent of dissolution of the drug from the capsule dosage form is tested by a dissolution test. This test provides means of quality control in ensuring that
The compendial dissolution test for capsules uses the same apparatus, dissolution medium, and test as that for uncoated and plain coated tablets. However, in instances in which the capsule shells interfere with the analysis, the contents of a specified number of capsules can be removed and the empty capsule shells dissolved in the dissolution medium before proceeding with the sampling and chemical analysis.
If the capsule floats on the surface of the dissolution fluid, a small, loose piece of nonreactive material, such as a few turns of a wire helix, may be attached to the dosage form to force it to sink to the bottom of the vessel.
Water content of the entire capsule or the capsule contents are determined by Karl Fisher titrimetry to enable the correlation of water content with the degradation profile or drug-release characteristics of capsules.
The USP requires determination of the moisture-permeation characteristics of single-unit and unit dose containers to assure their suitability for packaging capsules. The degree and rate of moisture penetration is determined by packaging the dosage unit together with a colour-revealing desiccant pellet, exposing the packaged unit to known relative humidity over a specified time, observing the desiccant pellet for colour change (indicating absorption of moisture) and comparing the pre-test and post-test weight of the packaged unit.
The capsules are tested to ensure lack of growth of bacteria and mould by microbiological tests. These tests are usually carried out by incubation of the capsule contents in a growth medium and counting the colonies formed after a predefined period of time. Selection of the growth medium and duration of the test, as well as maintenance of aseptic conditions during the testing, are critical to successful assessment of microbial contamination by this method.
These tests are frequently carried out after defined periods of storage at predetermined conditions. They help to assign and verify the shelf life and usability of the drug product.
Stability testing of capsules is performed to determine the physicochemical stability of the drug substance in the finished drug product under specified package and recommended storage conditions intrinsic stability of the active drug molecule and the influence of environmental factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, light), on formulation components, and the container and closure system. The battery of stress-testing, long-term stability and accelerated stability tests help determine the appropriate storage conditions and the product’s anticipated shelf life.
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